Monday, November 1, 2010

Q&A: State pension age to rise to 66

What's happening?

Millions of Britons will have to wait longer to receive their state pension, the Government announced today.

How long?

The state pension age will rise to 66 by 2020 for both men and women. The changes will start to take effect from 2018.

Who is affected?

All Britons under the age of 57 on 6 April this year will have to wait until they're 66 before they get their pension.

Is that the worst of it?

Not likely. Ministers are also understood to have examined the possibility of extending the pension age to 70 and even higher in the following decades.

Work and Pensions Secretary Iain Duncan Smith has suggested the age at which people can claim the state pension could be 'indexed' to increasing life expectancy, as in Denmark.

Why is all this happening?

To be blunt: our heavily indebted Government (which owes about £890bn) can no longer afford to support Britain's ageing population. UK life expectancy is rising rapidly as we live healthier lifestyles and enjoy better medical care.

The average British male now lives until 77 years, and female until 81. Back when the state pension age was set at its current 65 level in 1925, only a third of men and 40% of women were expected to live to see their 65th birthday.

It means our taxes are being used to fund an ever-growing population of older, retired Britons. Official statistics project that by 2034 the number of people aged 85 and over will be 2.5 times larger than in 2009, reaching 3.5m and accounting for 5% of the UK population.

In the Spending Review today, Chancellor George Obsorne said: 'Raising state pension age is what many countries are now doing. It will save over £5bn a year.'

Any positives to soften the blow?

Yes. One is that axeing of the Default Retirement Age (DRA). This allowed employers to force staff to retire when they hit 65.

A Government consultation is currently in-process, with the results set to be announced before Christmas. Expect the DRA to disappear completely, fostering an older working population and reducing the state benefit burden.

Free eye tests, prescriptions, the winter fuel allowance and bus passes will remain for pensioners. As well as free TV licences for over 75s, which were rumoured to be scrapped. George Osborne said: 'We believe in cold weather payments for life, not just general elections'

Anything else?

Here's the silver lining: the actual level of the state pension could increase. Currently the full basic state pension is £97.50. That can be topped up with pension credits to about £130. But many are still left in abject poverty. Currently, around 2m retired people live below the poverty line.

At last month's Lib Dem party conference, Steve Webb talked at length about the need for a 'decent and fair' state pension that doesn't leave any retired Britons desperately needy.

Potentially, the Government will increase the level of state pension provision so that it is more adequate for poorer Britons who have been unable to save. Numbers such as £8,000 a year and £11,000 a year have been bandied about, but no one knows yet.

Read more: Pension

At age 45 how can I replace my lost state pension?

This is Money Editor Andrew Oxlade says: With yesterday's state pension age changes causing concern for the millions affected, we thought it useful to pose this hypothetical question on pension saving.

Now that retirement dates are being pushed back even further than outlined before, it's become even more important that people take control of their own finances.

People are worried. A This is Money/Prudential poll today found 51% are now worried that their current retirement plans won't be good enough.

The Spending Review set out yesterday that the state pension age will rise to 66 by 2020 for both men and women, instead of by 2026. The changes will start to take effect from 2018.

The bottom line is that all Britons under the age of 57 on 6 April this year will have to wait until at least 66 to start collecting their pension.

Chancellor George Osborne also revealed that the age for women will rise from 60 to 65 between 2016 and 2018, so that it matches the male retirement age before both move higher. That has thrown retirement plans for many women into disarray who were banking on supplementing their income with pension payments.

Before yesterday, the previous Labour government had already set out a roadmap for later retirement. In essence, anyone aged from 42 to 57 retires at 66, those aged 32 to 41 retire at 67 and those aged under 32 retire at 68.

But those dates are still under review - the changes may be accelerated or the end retirement age may be raised further, possible to 70. Work and Pensions Secretary Iain Duncan Smith has suggested the age at which people can claim the state pension could be 'indexed' to increasing life expectancy, as in Denmark.

›› Tables: Today's top-selling funds

›› Free guide: Top 10 early retirement tips

So what should our 45-year woman do to replace that lost income she would have had from age 60?

The simple answer is good old fashioned saving. Financial advisers recommend a mixture of assets for long-term saving but often recommend most of it is in stock market investments as, historically, shares deliver the highest returns - although as recent years have shown, that's not always the case.

But how much would she need to save?

Fund manager Fidelity has crunched the numbers and calculated that a 45-year-old woman turning 60 in 2025 will miss out on around £46,976 in basic State pension as a result of the changes. This is based on the current basic State pension, currently £97.65 per week, rising by 2.5% each year.

Based on this, she would need to save an extra £175 per month from now for the next 15 years to have a pot of £49,681, based on investment returns helping the money grow an average 5% a year.

Fidelity says: 'This gives her the flexibility to retire at the current State retirement age of 60 if she wants to. This is on top of any savings she might need to supplement the basic state pension.'

Fidelity also that for a 30-year-old facing a retirement date of 68 would need at the very least a pot of £93,048 to cover the state pension she will miss out on from age 60. However, because she has longer to save it, so she would need to save less - £115 a month - to achieve a pot of £97,649.

Try doing your our sums with our pensions pot calculator.

Read more: Pension

How 40% taxpayers can keep child benefit

Pensions consultants Tower Watson appears to have a solution to this common dilemma - a result of today's government plans to axe child benefit for those paying 40% or 50% higher-rate tax from 2013.

Details of the plans are explained in our child benefit cuts Q&A.

Assuming that laws aren't changed on pensions, Towers Watson suggests that someone earning just over the higher rate threshold can take themselves out of the higher rate tax bracket by paying more into a pension.

Paul Macro, a senior consultant at Towers Watson, explains: 'From 2013, some families could find that putting more money aside for retirement increases the cash in their pocket as well as their pension fund.

'The costs of raising children can prevent parents paying as much into their pensions as they feel they should.

'For some, it may now be a question of whether they can afford not to save more. For a family with three children, child benefit can be worth nearly £2,500 a year, tax-free.'

Child benefit is £20.30 per week for the first child and £13.40 a week for each subsequent child. These rates were already frozen for the next three years in the Emergency Budget in June.

In 2010/11, higher rate tax starts once income exceeds £43,875. But Towers Watson reckons increasing pension contributions could also increase disposable income. This assumes that child benefit is withdrawn altogether from all higher rate taxpayers rather than being tapered away.

• More on child benefit cut:
›› How will child benefit cuts hit you?
›› How 40% taxpayers can keep child benefit
›› Calculator: investing child benefit
›› Calculator: Balance your houshold budget

How to increase diposable income AND get a bigger pension

For a couple have three children under 16. This means that their child benefit will be £2,449 a year if they qualify for it. One partner earns £47,500 and has no other taxable income. The other either does not work or earns less than the higher rate threshold.

Currently, the higher earner pays 5% of their salary into an occupational pension, on top of the contributions that their employer makes for them. This £2,375 employee contribution reduces the salary assessed for income tax to £45,125.

Calculator: The miracle effect of investing child benefit

That £45,125 level is £1,250 above the higher rate threshold. This parent is therefore a higher rate taxpayer, so the family would not qualify for child benefit from 2013.

However, the employee could choose to increase the contributions they make to their pension, paying an extra £1,250. If taken as income, this £1,250 would be taxed at 40%. So paying it into a pension reduces the employee's take-home pay by £750.

However, it also means they are no longer liable for higher rate tax on any of their income. Because neither parent would then be a higher rate taxpayer, the family would now qualify for £2,449 of child benefit.

Overall, the employee could therefore boost their pension fund by £1,250 and their family's disposable income by £1,699.

Tower Watson also points out that individuals can preserve eligibility for child benefit by contributing to a personal pension or by sacrificing part of their salary and instead receiving higher employer pension contributions, which do not count towards taxable income.

But don't forget changing tax bands

If tax bands and personal allowance plans remain unchanged, it will not be those earning more than £44,000 who cannot claim child benefit, as it would stand now, but those earning more than £42,375.

Changes in the Emergency Budget in June meant that from April 2011, the income tax personal allowance will rise by £1,000 to £7,475, but so as not to benefit higher rate taxpayers, the 20% tax band will be trimmed.

Currently 40% tax starts at £43,875: a personal tax allowance of £6,475, plus the £37,400 20% tax band. From April 2011, 40% tax will start at £42,375: a personal tax allowance of £7,475 plus a smaller £34,900 20% tax band.

Childcare vouchers

One other way in which higher rate taxpayers could bring themselves back below the 40% tax band is childcare vouchers.

These are an employer supported way of paying for certain types of childcare. If your employer is signed up to the scheme, which not all are, then you can take some of your pay in the form of childcare vouchers tax-free.

HMRC says: 'If your employer provides you with childcare vouchers you will not have to pay Income Tax or NICs on the first £55 per week, or £243 per month. However, if your vouchers are worth more than this, you will have to pay Income Tax and NICs on the remainder.'

So a worker could theoretically bring their salary down by a maximum of £2,916 a year in the eyes of the taxman.

You do not have to use childcare vouchers in the week or month they are provided - they remain valid for up to a year. For example, your childcare costs may be more than usual during school holidays, and you may want to use them then.

But there is a catch here. The benefit available through childcare vouchers is being cut. Director of Finance Online website explains that those in the higher (40%) and additional (50%) tax rate brackets will, from April 2011, be entitled to relief on £28 and £22 exempt income respectively for each qualifying week.

Crucially, those who are already a member of a childcare voucher scheme, or who join one by April 2011, will not be affected by the changes, as long as they remain continuously within the same scheme.

Read more: Pension

Sunday, October 31, 2010

How 40% taxpayers can keep child benefit

Pensions consultants Tower Watson appears to have a solution to this common dilemma - a result of today's government plans to axe child benefit for those paying 40% or 50% higher-rate tax from 2013.

Details of the plans are explained in our child benefit cuts Q&A.

Assuming that laws aren't changed on pensions, Towers Watson suggests that someone earning just over the higher rate threshold can take themselves out of the higher rate tax bracket by paying more into a pension.

Paul Macro, a senior consultant at Towers Watson, explains: 'From 2013, some families could find that putting more money aside for retirement increases the cash in their pocket as well as their pension fund.

'The costs of raising children can prevent parents paying as much into their pensions as they feel they should.

'For some, it may now be a question of whether they can afford not to save more. For a family with three children, child benefit can be worth nearly £2,500 a year, tax-free.'

Child benefit is £20.30 per week for the first child and £13.40 a week for each subsequent child. These rates were already frozen for the next three years in the Emergency Budget in June.

In 2010/11, higher rate tax starts once income exceeds £43,875. But Towers Watson reckons increasing pension contributions could also increase disposable income. This assumes that child benefit is withdrawn altogether from all higher rate taxpayers rather than being tapered away.

• More on child benefit cut:
›› How will child benefit cuts hit you?
›› How 40% taxpayers can keep child benefit
›› Calculator: investing child benefit
›› Calculator: Balance your houshold budget

How to increase diposable income AND get a bigger pension

For a couple have three children under 16. This means that their child benefit will be £2,449 a year if they qualify for it. One partner earns £47,500 and has no other taxable income. The other either does not work or earns less than the higher rate threshold.

Currently, the higher earner pays 5% of their salary into an occupational pension, on top of the contributions that their employer makes for them. This £2,375 employee contribution reduces the salary assessed for income tax to £45,125.

Calculator: The miracle effect of investing child benefit

That £45,125 level is £1,250 above the higher rate threshold. This parent is therefore a higher rate taxpayer, so the family would not qualify for child benefit from 2013.

However, the employee could choose to increase the contributions they make to their pension, paying an extra £1,250. If taken as income, this £1,250 would be taxed at 40%. So paying it into a pension reduces the employee's take-home pay by £750.

However, it also means they are no longer liable for higher rate tax on any of their income. Because neither parent would then be a higher rate taxpayer, the family would now qualify for £2,449 of child benefit.

Overall, the employee could therefore boost their pension fund by £1,250 and their family's disposable income by £1,699.

Tower Watson also points out that individuals can preserve eligibility for child benefit by contributing to a personal pension or by sacrificing part of their salary and instead receiving higher employer pension contributions, which do not count towards taxable income.

But don't forget changing tax bands

If tax bands and personal allowance plans remain unchanged, it will not be those earning more than £44,000 who cannot claim child benefit, as it would stand now, but those earning more than £42,375.

Changes in the Emergency Budget in June meant that from April 2011, the income tax personal allowance will rise by £1,000 to £7,475, but so as not to benefit higher rate taxpayers, the 20% tax band will be trimmed.

Currently 40% tax starts at £43,875: a personal tax allowance of £6,475, plus the £37,400 20% tax band. From April 2011, 40% tax will start at £42,375: a personal tax allowance of £7,475 plus a smaller £34,900 20% tax band.

Childcare vouchers

One other way in which higher rate taxpayers could bring themselves back below the 40% tax band is childcare vouchers.

These are an employer supported way of paying for certain types of childcare. If your employer is signed up to the scheme, which not all are, then you can take some of your pay in the form of childcare vouchers tax-free.

HMRC says: 'If your employer provides you with childcare vouchers you will not have to pay Income Tax or NICs on the first £55 per week, or £243 per month. However, if your vouchers are worth more than this, you will have to pay Income Tax and NICs on the remainder.'

So a worker could theoretically bring their salary down by a maximum of £2,916 a year in the eyes of the taxman.

You do not have to use childcare vouchers in the week or month they are provided - they remain valid for up to a year. For example, your childcare costs may be more than usual during school holidays, and you may want to use them then.

But there is a catch here. The benefit available through childcare vouchers is being cut. Director of Finance Online website explains that those in the higher (40%) and additional (50%) tax rate brackets will, from April 2011, be entitled to relief on £28 and £22 exempt income respectively for each qualifying week.

Crucially, those who are already a member of a childcare voucher scheme, or who join one by April 2011, will not be affected by the changes, as long as they remain continuously within the same scheme.

Read more: Pension

Why women are unprepared for retirement

Other women' s husbands call them by endearing pet names. Mine refers to me as 'the walking pension plan'.

He's joking - I think - about his fond imaginings that, since I'm a lot younger than him and a financial writer to boot, I'll be maintaining him in style in his dotage. Well, he can hope.

But I suppose I only have myself to blame, because thanks to a combination of my job and my ingrained northern thrift, I am a fully-fledged pensionista.

Not only do I contribute as much as I can to my own pension fund but, given half an opening, I'll try to convert other women to the joys of retirement planning, too.

Mock my pension fetish if you must - and plenty of my friends do - but now I'm in my 40s I see it as a key part of my age-proofing regime, along with the moisturiser and the Pilates. It's a three-pronged strategy: face, figure and finances.

But there are a whole raft of reasons why women are at greater risk than men of financial hardship in their later years.

The big pension killers for women are unequal pay, taking career breaks to care for children, bereavement and divorce.

Tough economic times, and the threat to many families of losing their child benefit, are likely to widen the pensions gender gap still further, as women are less likely to save and more likely to use their money to make sure their families don't go short.

Dr Ros Altmann, director-general of Saga and a former adviser to No 10, says: 'Women are still very much second-class citizens when it comes to pensions - and what is worse is that it's barely even acknowledged.'

Much of the problem stems from the fact that the foundations of our current pensions system were laid in the postwar period and do not reflect the realities of modern women's lives, juggling work and home.

Recent developments have not helped. Fewer female workers have access to a top-quality final-salary pension scheme at work than men.

Just over a third of women are members of a final salary plan, compared with more than 40% of male employees, and many firms are closing these funds because they have become too expensive to run.

The Government's plans to scale back public sector pensions may be necessary, but they will also have a big impact on women, who make up more than 60% of the membership.

Typically, most women still earn less than their male counterparts, so can't save as much and, as we tend to live longer, we have more years to fund in retirement.

The result is that fewer than half of British women are saving enough for an adequate pension, says research by Scottish Widows. A quarter save nothing.

Ros Altmann: 'Women ares second-class citizens when it comes to pensions'

No surprise then that, according to the Office for National Statistics, the average annual income for a lone female pensioner is just over £13,700 a year, and that single, divorced and widowed women make up a high proportion of the 1.8m retired households living below the poverty line.

No one likes to think it will happen to them, but experts warn even comfortably-off middle-class women could struggle to maintain their standard of living.

'It is easy to be lulled into a false sense of security,' says Professor Karen Pine, of the University of Hertfordshire, the co-author of Sheconomics, a book aimed at helping women gain financial control.

'Many women find that a middle-class lifestyle is much harder to keep up, especially if they have given little or no thought to a pension in their own right.'

But the practical barriers facing women are only one part of the problem. Experts warn there are also psychological forces at play. For while men think of pensions and investments purely in financial terms, for women money is inextricably linked with emotions and relationships.

There are three distinct female mindsets that can sabotage women's pension planning as they pass through the phases of their life: Cinderella Singletons; Money Martyrs and Trusting Traditionalists.

Young single women can morph into modern-day Cinderellas, where they struggle to pay off student debt, and getting on to the housing ladder seems overwhelming.

Instead, they opt out of financial planning, in the hope that their prince will arrive and bail them out.

And, as Amanda Mackenzie, a senior executive at insurance group Aviva, points out, these young women are missing a valuable opportunity to make tax-efficient savings before they take time out to have children.

'There's never an easy time to start paying into a pension for women, as once the student loan gets paid off, there's the deposit on a home to think about and then children. But it is important to make it a priority to save.'

Motherhood often lures women into the trap of Money Martrydom, where they put everyone else's needs ahead of their own.

Research by Scottish Widows shows that family life triggers a 'selfless gene' in women, that prompts them to spend on others, even if it compromises their own long-term financial well-being.

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Mothers are not the only martyrs. Morris says single women who give up work to look after elderly parents can also end up sacrificing their financial future. 'It is great that women take on a caring role, but the price can be high,' she adds.

But, she argues, Money Martyrs could end up being a burden on their children when they are older.

'Adult children may have to help support you financially if you haven't got a decent pension of your own, and they might not be so grateful for the sacrifices you made,' Morris says.

Politicians have belatedly made improvements to the basic state pension system to reflect the fact that many women take time out of the workplace.

For women retiring on or after April 6, 2010, the number of qualifying years needed for a full basic state pension has been reduced from 39 years to 30.

It is a welcome change, but to put it in perspective the basic state pension is currently £97.65 a week, and women who do not notch up those 30 years of NI contributions will receive a fraction of this.

Plus women will have to wait longer to receive it in future, as the female state retirement age is being raised progressively over the next ten years from 60 to 65.

There are longer term plans to raise the retirement age for both sexes to 68. New low-cost pension accounts aiming to help women and lower paid workers to save are being phased in from 2012.

By 2017, all employers will have to automatically enrol staff earning above a certain threshold into a pension scheme. Employers will also have to contribute at least 3% of income towards it.

Guide: How to plan ahead and ensure a richer retirement

But financial advisers say these will still exclude large numbers of women. Tom McPhail, of financial adviser Hargreaves Lansdown, says: 'Women working part-time, or doing a few jobs each paying below the threshold, could miss out.

'It will be an improvement, but there would still be millions of women left without a pension plan.'

Another improvement in recent years is a concession allowing the partners of non-working wives to put up to £3,600 a year into a tax-efficient pension plan on their behalf, but this is not well known.

Which leads us to another vulnerable group - the Trusting Traditionalists; women dependent on their husbands to provide for them in retirement and who have left it too late to build up savings of their own.

As the Prudential's pension guru Vince Smith-Hughes says: 'Relying on someone else's pension is risky.'

The Trusting Traditionalists may believe they are happily married, but divorce in later life can have a devastating financial impact.

As well as this, thousands of widows are being stripped of their financial security because, unbeknown to them, their husband has signed up for 'single-life annuities', a pension which stops payment on the death of the holder.

Says Altmann: 'Women are being left absolutely destitute. Many of these men are loving husbands who would be horrified if they had known, but they don't understand the risks.'

Altmann rightly describes it as a scandal, but it is just part of a much bigger one - that millions of women in this country who work hard all their lives inside and outside of the home are missing out on a decent retirement.

That is why I am not apologetic about being obsessed with my own pension. They should be a much higher priority for politicians and the financial industry.

And I'd love to see magazine editors featuring more finance articles alongside the fashion and beauty, helping readers become women of style and substance.

As Professor Pine says: 'We buy all these age defying-serums, but you can't defy the fact that women need a pension. There's no cream for that.'

Read more: Pension

State workers willpay more for pensions

The Chancellor gave no indication of how much extra it will be, but vowed to protect lower earners and shift the burden on to fat cat bosses.

As part of the reforms, MPs will no longer be entitled to their lucrative – and costly – final salary pensions.

But Mr Osborne revealed that he is keen to maintain a general link to between wages and public sector pensions, which means workers will still be guaranteed a percentage of their salary in retirement.

Such reforms are urgently needed to necessary reduce the burden on the taxpayer, Osborne said.

Because public pensions are 'unfunded', the taxpayer meets the cost in full every year. This annual bill is set to rise to £33bn in 2016.

'We accept that there has to be an increase in employee contributions,' Mr Osborne said.

But he added that any changes should be 'staggered and progressive', so that those on low incomes were protected and the 'highest paid will pay largest contribution'.

Full details had not been finalised in time for the Government's Spending Review today. Mr Osborne said he will base the changes on a final report from Lord Hutton's on-going enquiry into the cost of public pensions.

M. Osborne said: 'Lord Hutton's findings form basis of new deal so that taxpayers don't pay unfairly,' he said. 'We will await full report before drawing any conclusions.'

Dr Ros Altmann, a former adviser to No.10 said the announcements were a 'clear signal' that age of the final salary public sector pension is coming to an end.

She thinks Obsorne will push the system towards a 'career average' model, where pensions are based on a percentage of an employee's average lifetime wage (as opposed to their salary at retirement).

Two weeks ago, the Independent Public Service Pensions Commission, set up by George Osborne and chaired by former Labour Minister Lord Hutton, issued an interim update on its inquiry.

It gave the green light for the Government to push ahead with reforms that could translate into a pay cut of up to 3% for the average public sector worker. It provoked outrage from the unions.

In the longer term, public sector workers may have to accept sweeping reforms of their pensions, likely to include retiring later, a slower build-up of benefits and a move away from final salary schemes.

Read more: Pension

More women face retirement 'poverty'

More than half of women under the age of 50 admit that they are not saving enough for retirement, marking a rise of eight percentage points on last year, according to an annual report by Scottish Widows.

Currently, two-thirds of pensioners living in poverty are women – the report suggests this imbalance could now worsen.

'Women are still very much second-class citizens when it comes to pensions - and what is worse is that it's barely even acknowledged,' says Dr Ros Altmann, director-general of Saga Group and former adviser to No.10.

'Millions of people, but particularly women, are at risk of poverty. We have a real crisis in this country.'

Women are typically left at a disadvantage when it comes to saving for old age due to unequal pay, taking career breaks to care for children, bereavement and divorce.

And with university fees set to rise to around £6,000 a year, this could get worse thanks to increased personal debt.

Many young women are inheriting the mistakes made by their parents, says Ian Naismith, head of pensions at Scottish Widows.

'The findings paint a worrying picture,' he says. 'Attitudes need to change. The major disparity between male and female saving habits needs to be resolved, or even more women will face poverty in their old age.'

Scottish Widows found that women aged 18 to 29 have typically accumulated £4,800 on average - just over half of the £7,700 achieved by young men - and they are saving just £49 per month, compared to £111 per month for men.

Age of the 'pensionista': Women bury their heads in the sand, says Ruth Sunderland, Daily Mail associate City editor

Pensions Minister, Steve Webb, said that reforms that will auto-enrol all employees into a company pensions will make a significant difference.

He said: 'We know that women aren't saving enough for retirement and this is exactly why we are committed to bringing in reforms that will result in up to 3m more women saving for the first time or saving more in workplace pensions.

'Our actions will ensure that people have the opportunity to save for their retirement on top of a decent and fair state pension.'

Scottish Widows' major report also focused on women aged between 51 and 59, who are in the last chance saloon if they want to have any chance of retiring in their 60s.

On average, they have built up retirement savings - excluding a pension - which they plan to use to pay for their retirement of just £37,642.

If they cashed this pot of money with an insurance company to buy an annuity, which provides an income for life, they would receive just £40 a week.

With no pension and little other savings, millions of women have no option but to keep on working into their late 60s and 70s.

Read more: Pension